Two-photon neuronal and astrocytic stimulation with azobenzene-based photoswitches

This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License. See Standard ACS AuthorChoice/Editors' Choice Usage Agreement - https://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/authorchoice_termsofuse.htmlSynthetic photochromic compounds can be designed to control a variety of proteins and their biochemical functions in living cells, but the high spatiotemporal precision and tissue penetration of two-photon stimulation have never been investigated in these molecules. Here we demonstrate two-photon excitation of azobenzene-based protein switches and versatile strategies to enhance their photochemical responses. This enables new applications to control the activation of neurons and astrocytes with cellular and subcellular resolution

Síntesi estereoselectiva d'anàlegs ciclohexènics de nucleòsids

Els virus són els patògens més nombrosos que es coneixen, provocant una gran varietat de malalties en l'ésser humà. No obstant, únicament existeix tractament per a set malalties víriques, essent els anàlegs de nucleòsids els fàrmacs més utilitzats. Entre ells, els nucleòsids carbocíclics són un grup d'especial rellevància gràcies a la seva major resistència i lipofília in vivo.En aquesta tesi, es proposa la síntesi estereoselectiva d'anàlegs ciclohexènics de nucleòsids, a partir d'un mateix sintó quiral derivat de la (R,R)-hidrobenzoïna. En concret, es descriu la consecució dels següents objectius:En primer lloc, s'ha desenvolupat la síntesi en forma enantiopura i a escala de multigram de l'alcohol al·lílic que és l'intermedi comú de les diferents rutes sintètiques, a partir de la 1,4-ciclohexandiona. A més, també es descriu la síntesi enantioselectiva de la (4R)-hidroxi-2-ciclohexen-1-ona.En segon lloc, es presenta la primera síntesi asimètrica descrita per anàlegs ciclohexènics de nucleòsids. En concret, s'han obtingut els dos enantiòmers dels anàlegs 4'-hidroxiciclohexènics d'adenina i d'uracil de manera enantiodivergent.En tercer lloc, s'ha desenvolupat la síntesi totalment diastereoselectiva de diferents intermedis encaminats a l'obtenció d'una nova família de nucleòsids amb estructura de biciclo[4.1.0]heptà.Viruses are the largest group of pathogens known up to date, inducing a wide variety of human diseases. Nonetheless, only seven of them might be treated, being the nucleoside analogues the more widespread antiviral medicines used. Among them, carbocyclic nucleosides have a particular interest owing to their enhanced resistance and lipophilicity in vivo.The present thesis is focused on the stereoselective synthesis of cyclohexenyl nucleoside analogues, from a common intermediate, using (R,R)-hydrobenzoin as quiral auxiliary. Specifically, it is described the achievement of the following objectives.- First of all, it has been developed the synthesis of the allylic alcohol, which is the common intermediate, in an enantiomerically pure form and at a multigrame scale, using 1,4-cyclohexandione as the starting material. Moreover, it is also described the enantioselective synthesis of (4R)-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one.- Secondly, it is presented the first asymmetric synthesis described for cyclohexenyl nucleoside analogues. In particular, it has been obtained both enantiomers of adenine and uracil 4'-hydroxycyclohexenyl analogues, in an enatiodivergent way.- Thirdly, it has been developed the totally diastereoselective synthesis of different intermediates designed to achieve a new class of nucleoside analogues with a bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane structure

Síntesi estereoselectiva d'anàlegs ciclohexènics de nucleòsids

Descripció del recurs: el 24 març 2011BibliografiaEls virus són els patògens més nombrosos que es coneixen, provocant una gran varietat de malalties en l'ésser humà. No obstant, únicament existeix tractament per a set malalties víriques, essent els anàlegs de nucleòsids els fàrmacs més utilitzats. Entre ells, els nucleòsids carbocíclics són un grup d'especial rellevància gràcies a la seva major resistència i lipofília in vivo. En aquesta tesi, es proposa la síntesi estereoselectiva d'anàlegs ciclohexènics de nucleòsids, a partir d'un mateix sintó quiral derivat de la (R,R)-hidrobenzoïna. En concret, es descriu la consecució dels següents objectius: En primer lloc, s'ha desenvolupat la síntesi en forma enantiopura i a escala de multigram de l'alcohol al·lílic que és l'intermedi comú de les diferents rutes sintètiques, a partir de la 1,4-ciclohexandiona. A més, també es descriu la síntesi enantioselectiva de la (4R)-hidroxi-2-ciclohexen-1-ona. En segon lloc, es presenta la primera síntesi asimètrica descrita per anàlegs ciclohexènics de nucleòsids. En concret, s'han obtingut els dos enantiòmers dels anàlegs 4'-hidroxiciclohexènics d'adenina i d'uracil de manera enantiodivergent. En tercer lloc, s'ha desenvolupat la síntesi totalment diastereoselectiva de diferents intermedis encaminats a l'obtenció d'una nova família de nucleòsids amb estructura de biciclo[4.1.0]heptà.Viruses are the largest group of pathogens known up to date, inducing a wide variety of human diseases. Nonetheless, only seven of them might be treated, being the nucleoside analogues the more widespread antiviral medicines used. Among them, carbocyclic nucleosides have a particular interest owing to their enhanced resistance and lipophilicity in vivo. The present thesis is focused on the stereoselective synthesis of cyclohexenyl nucleoside analogues, from a common intermediate, using (R,R)-hydrobenzoin as quiral auxiliary. Specifically, it is described the achievement of the following objectives. - First of all, it has been developed the synthesis of the allylic alcohol, which is the common intermediate, in an enantiomerically pure form and at a multigrame scale, using 1,4-cyclohexandione as the starting material. Moreover, it is also described the enantioselective synthesis of (4R)-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one. - Secondly, it is presented the first asymmetric synthesis described for cyclohexenyl nucleoside analogues. In particular, it has been obtained both enantiomers of adenine and uracil 4'-hydroxycyclohexenyl analogues, in an enatiodivergent way. - Thirdly, it has been developed the totally diastereoselective synthesis of different intermediates designed to achieve a new class of nucleoside analogues with a bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane structure

Synthesis of novel nucleoside analogues built on a bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane scaffold

Altres ajuts: we acknowledge a grant from the Generalitatde Catalunya (to B.D.-P.)A new class of carbocyclic nucleoside analogues built on a bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane scaffold, a perspective novel pseudosugar pattern, have been conceived as anti-HSV agents on the basis of initial protein-ligand docking studies. The asymmetric synthesis of a series of these compounds incorporating different nucleobases has been efficiently completed starting from 1,4-cyclohexanedione

Two-photon neuronal and astrocytic stimulation with azobenzene-based photoswitches

This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License. See Standard ACS AuthorChoice/Editors' Choice Usage Agreement - https://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/authorchoice_termsofuse.htmlSynthetic photochromic compounds can be designed to control a variety of proteins and their biochemical functions in living cells, but the high spatiotemporal precision and tissue penetration of two-photon stimulation have never been investigated in these molecules. Here we demonstrate two-photon excitation of azobenzene-based protein switches and versatile strategies to enhance their photochemical responses. This enables new applications to control the activation of neurons and astrocytes with cellular and subcellular resolution